It can be difficult to get your backpack to fit perfectly. The best thing to do is to head to your closest MEC, REI, or other outfitter, and have the pack fitting done professionally. Otherwise, here’s what you should be looking for:

1. The shoulder straps and back panel should sit comfortably and snugly against your shoulders, chest, and pack. If the backpack is the correct size, and the straps are not overtightened, there should be no pinching of the straps, or air gaps between your skin and the backpack.
2. The sternum strap should have only the smallest amount of tension, as it is not meant to be a load-bearing strap. Its only purpose is to stabilize the shoulder straps and prevent them from sliding off the sides. The height adjustment should be midway between bottom of the collar bone and the widest part of your chest. Some variation is acceptable. If this is backpack with no hipbelt (so, most office/school backpacks), you can ignore the remaining steps.
3. The hipbelt is in the most important part. Ideally, the middle of the padding should cover the top of the hipbone (specifically, the highest point of the pelvis, the iliac crest). It should be tightened as much as possible without causing pain. For most people, this means the buckle will close slightly (2-3cm, 1-1½”) below the navel, or where the button would be on a pair of mid-rise jeans. The goal is to achieve 70% weight distribution on the hips and 30% on the back and shoulders. Higher ratios are fine, as long as the backpack is not sitting too loosely that it starts to sway on your body. If this ratio cannot be achieved, 55%/45% is acceptable. If you have an extreme hip-to-waist ratio, congratulations! But, the downside is that some hipbelts with ride up, even when loaded with weight. If this applies to you, try to keep the hipbelt as low as possible, and adjust it as best you can.
4. If there are load lifters, they should be pulled until they stabilize the load near the top of the packbag, without becoming uncomfortable. The exact angle will be different on different models, due to the large range of possible frame lengths, but in general it should never feel so tight that it starts putting pressure back on the chest.
5. Most framed hiking backpacks, especially those with more than 30L of capacity, will have an adjustable torso length. The exact mechanism varies by model, but most common is breaking the contact between Velcro panel that the shoulder straps are connected to and the rest of the backpack and sliding it into a new position. Change the torso length if all other adjustments don’t get you to the right fit. If it still doesn’t fit, either try a different size of the same backpack if multiple sizes are available. Finally, try a different model altogether.
6. If following this fitting process doesn’t feel comfortable, do whatever feels the most natural. In all cases where your comfort conflicts with the standard fitting advice, what feels the most right to you overrides any textbook instruction.

By the way, hut-to-hut hiking means any backcountry hiking that does not require the Big Four, because you will be sleeping in roofed accommodation every night. Examples include the Camino (though some routes have little or no backcountry sections), the Sunshine Coast Trail, or the Tour du Mont Blanc. The Bruce Trail is a strange example that stands on its own; consult the Bruce Trail Reference Guide for more information.

These guidelines are also not gospel. If you’re an ultralight fanatic, you don’t need as much capacity. Easy day hikes in the frontcountry don’t require this much capacity. If you have older, cheaper equipment, you may need a lot more capacity.

1. A zipper blowout in the mountains could be disastrous.
2. Top loading designs are inherently more weather-resistant and durable than a zippered opening.
3. Every day should have the same order of operations:

• When you arrive at your campsite, begin setting up camp. Pull out your clothing sack, food bag, stove, and fuel, and set them aside.
• Set up your tent.
• Inflate your sleeping pad and lay it down.
• Pull your sleeping bag out of its compression sack and lay it down.
• Cook and eat your dinner.
• Finish cleanup duties and retire for the evening.

The next morning is something like this in the reverse order:

• Cook your breakfast and brew your coffee.
• Break camp. Pack your sleeping bag and put it into the bottom of your pack.
• Deflate your sleeping pad and pack it above the sleeping bag (or if it’s a closed-cell foam pad, strap it to the bottom of your pack).
• Collapse your tent and stow it in your pack.
• Clean and store your stove, cookware, and utensils and place it next to your tent along with your fuel and food bag.
• Place the clothing bag on top, close your pack, and re-engage all your compression straps. Start hitting the trail.

The sleeping bag should always be stored at the bottom for this reason. Therefore, a panel zipper is usually not needed. Since everything comes in and out of the backpack in the same order every day, there shouldn’t be much rummaging around. Modern designs have convenient pockets (usually, at least two hipbelt pockets) for quick-access items to prevent the need for digging around. Since reaching the bottom of the packbag can be cumbersome, most modern designs include a large, zippered bottom opening for convenient access to the sleeping bag.

The main use of the panel or side zipper is to get at smaller items that have shifted and sunk into the middle of the packbag throughout the hike. Alternatively, you may pack something intentionally in the centre of your pack, but wish to pull it out in the middle of the hike (e.g. a camera cube).

A large, zippered panel opening can also be convenient for non-backcountry use, if there is no ‘big four’ because you’re hiking hut-to-hut, or as a substitute for a travel backpack in urban environments. For hut-to-hut treks, I would usually recommend single, large packing cube with a grab handle, which you can pull out easily when you arrive at your accommodations.

Otherwise, packing your bag as suggested above ensures that your weight distribution is optimized. Heavier, denser items should be stored closer to your centre-of-gravity, and the lighter, bulkier items stores further from your centre-of gravity (see the illustration at the top). The lightest thing of all would be a closed-cell foam sleeping pad, which should always be strapped externally with the bottom sleeping pad straps. Some exceptions should be made for important items that may need to be accessed quickly, such your water bottle(s), first aid kit, or bear spray.

You'll see a lot of backpacks that are suspiciously compact for their rated capacity. To my knowledge, there is no law, regulation, or industry standard anywhere in the world that requires a truthful statement of capacity. There is a testing standard, known as ASTM F2153-07(2018), but it’s not mandated by any government.

A tiny number of manufacturers will perform this test. But Mystery Ranch has quit the civilian market, and I can’t think of any larger manufacturers that might provide verified capacity for all of their pack products. Smaller companies do: Evergoods and Tom Bihn come to mind. Two photography-specific backpack designers also always have honest specifications: Lowepro and Think Tank.

Otherwise, for most manufacturers, the capacity stated in the model name or the specifications should be considered illustrative of the design intent, and not the true capacity. The real capacity is probably between 5% to 30% lower than the implied capacity in the model name or listed specification.

The method for measuring capacity is to fill a bag with ping-pong balls, then pour the balls into a cylindrical container with marked capacity indicators. However, by overstuffing all the pockets, and cramming as many balls as possible into the open-topped mesh water bottle pockets, sometimes manufacturers end up giving an inflated specification.

Even worse, sometimes they will measure according to a simple multiplication of the linear dimensions (L x W x H) and wildly overstate the capacity. Even trusted companies like Osprey will do this occasionally! It is very difficult for most people to verify manufacturers’ claims, because having most people don’t have 100L of ping-pong balls and a giant plastic cylinder kicking around at home.

Sometimes it's the opposite, and the capacity may be overstated. However, this situation is extremely rare, and to my knowledge, of the most popular models only the Cotopaxi Allpa 35 and 42 are like this (to their detriment, because it will no longer fit in the carry-on sizer when filled to its true capacity).

The good news is that most travel backpacks are, by virtue of their rectilinear designs, easy to calculate the likely capacity of. The Patagonia Black Hole MLC 45 is almost certainly really 45L, the MEC Outpost 30 and Patagonia Black Hole Mini MLC 30 almost certainly 30L, and so on (This is also how we know the very popular, affordable, and versatile Osprey Daylite Carry-On Expandable 26+6 is really closer to 20 litres + 4 litres). Alpine-style backpacks with large extension collars and floating top lids can also be easily overstuffed beyond its rated capacity.

Some backpack designs reduce practically usable volume in a way that cannot be attributed to deception or carelessness. This usually happens with backpacks with metal frames that have a 3D curvature, especially those with trampoline-style ventilation harness systems. The volume in the extreme corners is essentially ‘lost’ because flat, rigid items will block those spaces off.

Conversely, this makes trampoline back panels less desirable for air travel or for any situation where capacity needs to be maximized in a restricted rectilinear space (such as in a car's trunk, or under the airplane seat). Trampoline back panels, combined with the ergonomically curved shape of the packbag, will mean that a pack with a low capacity tends to have a large rectilinear footprint.

In sum, the listed capacity in the model name or the spec sheet is more indicative of a backpack's design goals and intended use case, rather than the true capacity. Therefore, the rest of this guide takes the model name's suggested litre capacity at face-value but when there's some serious chicanery involved I will do my best to note it. The North Face can't keep getting away with this!

The following brands are the worst offenders:

1. MEC (unfortunately, true for all of their current hiking and travel backpack models, even the models with low capacity)
2. Gregory
3. Fjällräven
4. The North Face (fortunately, they offer women’s-fit equivalents of most of their school/office backpacks)
5. Most other brands

The following brands can be trusted to provide a true unisex fit:

1. MEC (specifically their current generation school/office backpacks, the Campus and Hippocampus have well-designed shoulder harnesses and back panels for a very wide range of body shapes and sizes)
2. Osprey
3. Patagonia

Sometimes, the opposite problem occurs, as some men have such long torsos (especially those taller than 180cm / 6’ and those with torso lengths greater than 55cm / 21”) that the shortest unisex backpacks will have unusable waist straps or hipbelts. The legendary MEC Pika Pack basically never had a usable waist strap for nearly any person throughout its multi-decadal history simply because the bag itself isn’t long enough. Most people with longer torso should remove the waist straps from any day hiking, school, or office backpack with a detachable option, such as the previous-generation Gregory Nano 16 or the Osprey Daylite 13.

Manufacturers that are normally out of range for very small women can sometimes accidentally make a comfortable model by virtue of the backpack itself being physically very small, such as the Gregory Nano 16 or the Fjällräven Skule 20. By this logic, an Osprey Daylite 13 will fit better on the physically smallest adults better than the Osprey Daylite Plus 20, and likewise with the Osprey Hikelite 18 versus the Hikelite 26.

Men with very long torsos are probably going to have to a much better time wearing men’s specific fit backpacks, such as the Osprey Talon (sorry about the price).

If they have hipbelts, they have more of a canted, flared angle for comfort on wider hips.

Often, “unisex” backpacks don’t work well for the smaller adult women. Usually, women should try on a women’s fit backpack first, before trying unisex or men’s fit options. If women’s specific fit models are not available, try Osprey unisex fit. However, regardless of your sex or gender, go with whichever backpack model is most comfortable for you.

Note on trans-inclusivity: the manufacturers continue to label these as “men’s” and “women’s” backpacks, though they really mean AMAB and AFAB. You should generally start with trying on a backpack with the fit that is closest to your assigned sex at birth. If you are a physically very small person, and AFAB/women’s fit backpacks are not available, Osprey usually designs the best true unisex fit for such people.

Note on size-inclusivity: if you are on the bigger side, Gregory offers more generous sizing by default. Additionally, Osprey offers models with “Extended Fit,” denoted by an “EF” on the model name, and Gregory offers “Plus Size” models.

1. Floating top lid
2. Reflective logo
3. Zippered quick access pocket
4. Hydration reservoir sleeve and hose pass-through
5. Main packbag with extension collar and cinch cord opening
6. Lightweight main fabric
7. Load lifter straps
8. Padded, adjustable shoulder straps
9. Height-adjustable sternum strap with emergency whistle
10. Two rows of side compression straps
11. Padded, adjustable hipbelt
12. Hipbelt pockets
13. Top compression strap
14. Bungee tie-off for ice axe or trekking poles
15. Daisy chains and lash points
16. Ice axe or trekking pole tip loops
17. Mesh open-topped wet storage pocket
18. Sleeping bag compartment with reinforced bottom fabric
19. Sleeping pad straps
20. Stretch mesh water bottle pockets

You should clean your hiking clothes infrequently to preserve its maximum usable lifespan. Generally, I would recommend you wash your clothes when clearly dirty or smelly, or at the end of every season if you hike frequently. For most garment types, use gentle detergent, cold water, gentle/handwash cycle, and always hang to dry.

Some clothing types require special detergent to maintain its technical properties. I would recommend Nikwax Tech Wash for rain shells, and Nikwax Down Wash for down puffy jackets. In these cases, follow the instructions on the bottle instead of the garment's care label.

In a pinch, you can use regular (gentle!) detergent on these pieces, but you may need a dryer to restore the durable water repellency on shells, and the loft of the insulation in puffy jackets. In the latter case, you are encouraged to throw several dryer balls (or tennis balls) into the dryer.

Cleaning and repairing your backpack

In general, nearly all backpacks are spot clean only. Wiping down dirty spots after each hike should be enough for most situations. For a very dirty backpack, you can try to restore it by soaking it a very dilute vinegar solution or with a very small amount of gentle detergent. Hang to dry out of direct sunlight. Ultraviolet rays damage all synthetic materials, especially Nylon.

If the item is a backpack, many manufacturers in the outdoor adventure space have generous lifetime warranties. If your retailer can’t help you, you should try to contact the manufacturer’s customer support first.

The first thing that will break is probably the purely cosmetic damage that occurs to stretch mesh water bottle pockets. This material is quite vulnerable to abrasion, and will likely develop small holes early in its life. For the most part, this isn't a problem, though it does look ugly. Over time, these pockets will lose their elasticity and start to sag. This is non-repairable without total replacement.

The second thing that is likely to break is the main zipper. A high quality YKK #10 zipper will probably break in around 5 years if you're unlucky, and 15-25 years if you are lucky.

Finally, the polyurethane backing of the main fabric will start to flake into small pieces, perhaps in 10-30 years, and the pieces will get stuck on your pack's contents. Technically the backpack is still usable, but the flakes are annoying, and the weather resistance will start to fail. Once you get to this stage, I would normally consider your pack to be at the end of its normal useful life. If you'd like, you can intentionally delaminate the polyurethane and continue to use your pack.

While lifetime warranties for these companies used to be extremely generous, and Jansport's still is, nowadays these three types of damage to backpacks would be considered “normal wear-and-tear,” and would not be covered by most warranties.

Buckles should survive basically forever, unless they are destroyed by impact damage. Whether the warranty covers this is a bit of a coin toss. If the warranty process takes too long, or the manufacturer does not cover damage to the buckle, you may wish to take matters in your own hands, and order something a Sea to Summit or Gear Aid field repair buckle.

Local repair store recommendation

Need something fixed? Live in or around Toronto? Try Sport Sewing Shop!

Located near Woodbine and Danforth.

Phone: (416) 690-4669 Address: 1898 Danforth Ave Unit 1, Toronto, ON M4C 1J4

Open Tuesday to Saturday between 11:00AM and 6:00PM.

To my knowledge, this is the last store left in the city that is equipped to handle backpack and tent fabrics, waterproof shell clothing, and the like.

No affiliation.

1. Base layer: Patagonia Capilene Midweight, Smartwool 250, Icebreaker 200 Oasis
2. Sun protection layer: Patagonia Capilene Daily Cool, Black Diamond Alpenglow Pro, Mountain Hardwear Canyon, Prana Zion, Outdoor Research Ferrosi, Fjallraven Abisko Trekking Tights
3. Micro fleece: Patagonia R1, Patagonia R1 Air, Patagonia R2 Techface, Arc’teryx Kyanite
4. Insulating puffy jacket: Arc’teryx Atom, Arc’teryx Cerium, Mountain Hardwear Ghost Whisperer
5. Rain shell: Arc’teryx Beta, Outdoor Research Foray/Aspire

Do I need the best?

No, store-brand equivalents from REI or MEC work just fine. Most of these products are slightly heavier, slightly more durable, and have fewer features and pockets than name brand options. They are frequently made in the same factories contracted to prestigious, name brand manufacturers. Store brand options are a cost-effective way to keep you alive and comfortable in the mountains.

Extreme conditions: What if I’m going somewhere very cold?

If you wear all five layers, you would be able to handle a wide range of conditions. But for the most extreme conditions, such as high-alpine mountaineering, you may wish to add a sixth layer, such as a belay jacket (e.g. Arc’teryx Nuclei SV) and an additional midlayer for your legs (e.g. Patagonia DAS Light Pants). Thicker socks (“full weight,” “thermal weight,” or “mountaineering”) and liner socks will be necessary.

Your other layers should be alpine mountaineering types with climbing-specific features and fabrics. In the most extreme environments, such as mountains with elevations above 8,000m or 5 miles, or the polar ice sheets, an insulating one-piece climbing suit (e.g. Mountain Hardwear Absolute Zero) would be essential. Ask your trip guide for detailed recommendations and instructions.

Extreme conditions: What if I’m going somewhere very hot?

Deserts and jungles have two separate kinds of recommendations. You may find it impossible to hike in anything other than shorts and a tank top, or shirtless (make sure you wear sunscreen over exposed skin!). While shorts and hiking sandals may be more comfortable in the heat, they may not offer enough protection from local wildlife (snakes and insects). If there's a problem with snakes, ticks, etc., you may need to wear gaiters over lightweight trail shoes.

Loose-fitting clothes are more ventilated, and lighter colours reflect sunlight. Linen and cotton fabrics are back on the table. When in doubt, ask your trip guide or a suitable expert in outdoor adventure in such climates.

1. Base layers: MEC T2, MEC T2 Merino, REI Midweight, REI Merino 185, any athletic underwear
2. Sun protection: Outdoor Research Echo, MEC Anywhere L/S, MEC Mochilero/Terrena, MEC Mica/Wanderwall, REI Sahara, any sun hat
3. Micro fleece jacket: MEC Rockwall Midlayer, REI Flash Hyperstretch
4. Insulating puffy jacket: MEC Northern Light, MEC Boundary Light, MEC Icefields, REI 650 Down, REI Microtrek
5. Rain shell: Patagonia Torrenshell 3L, Outdoor Research Helium UL, MEC x AQUANATOR, REI Rainier
6. Gloves: Any thin fleece liner glove, if needed (Outdoor Research Vigor or Patagonia R1 at a higher cost)
7. Hat: Any thin fleece beanie, if needed (merino wool blend at higher cost)
8. Socks: J.B. Fields (Smartwool, Icebreaker, or Darn Tough strongly recommended, even at a higher cost)

Budget alternatives

Check the clearance section in your local MEC or REI. Otherwise, Columbia, Decathlon, Uniqlo, and AmazonBasics may offer acceptable lower-cost alternatives. You can occasionally find high quality pieces at thrift stores, though it may take a lot of time and sifting through many stores before you find what you want.

Responsible consumption and sustainability

Don’t buy anything you don’t need. It’s okay to treat yourself to something fun once in a while, but try to avoid having many duplicate items crowding a single use case.

If you have something you like, keep using it! Repair your clothes instead of throwing them away. If you don’t need something anymore, and its in good condition, consider selling them, giving them away as a gift, or donating it to a thrift store.